Last month, the members of the American Whig-Cliosophic Society found Edward Snowden guilty of treason. On other campuses—even Princeton’s aristocratic, Northeastern peers—Edward Snowden is a kind of geek-dissident hero who harnessed his hacking powers for good to reveal the excesses of the National Security Agency. But at Princeton, Snowden appeared as a villain. Consecutive speakers denounced him vigorously. He broke the law, they complained. He betrayed the country, they decried. He fled to Russia! They exclaimed apoplectically, as if Joseph McCarthy was still raking suspected Soviet sympathizers over the coals of his demagogic paranoia. For the self-styled Burkeans of Princeton’s political union, the only thing worse than the U.S. government spying on its own citizens was a U.S. citizen revealing to the public that it did so.
If only one could write this off as merely reactionary exuberance, or young Rumsfelds flexing their institutionalist muscles. But more than the rank and file of Whig-Clio’s William F. Buckley fan club, who expend much of their political energies lamenting the prospect of greater access to affordable healthcare, attended the debate. And there are members, contrary to popular belief, whose views are not restricted to the narrow swath of political terrain between Ezra Klein and Paul Ryan. Still, sitting on the side in favor of convicting Mr. Snowden were more than twice the number of students that defended him.
By convicting Snowden of treason, students showed fealty to the state that consistently violates their privacy and disregard their civil liberties. Despite growing up during the days of the Iraq War and coming of age in the Great Recession (to name just a few of the past decade’s institutional failures), Princeton students mostly trust the country’s edifices of power. This faith in formal authority undergirded students’ willingness to portray Snowden as a traitor and not a whistleblower.
The belief in the beneficence of power – state and corporate – is created and constantly reaffirmed by the school’s official proclamations. Members of the administration never hesitate to remind students that they are destined to be the future helmsmen of the nation’s (currently failing) institutions. Students almost begin to see themselves as parts of those institutions. The sense that they will inevitably be the leaders of tomorrow creates an atmosphere of conservatism. After all, if tomorrow’s leaders aren’t “standing athwart” whatever they perceive as history “yelling stop” at any possibility of change, then who knows if there will be anything left for them to lead.
The promise of power does not just make students identify with the institutions they hope to one day lead. It also makes them hostile to the notion that anyone other than the designated elite might be capable of leading. In The Reactionary Mind, political theorist Corey Robin names this hostility. “Conservatism,” he writes, is “the theoretical voice of [the] animus against the agency of the subordinate classes. It provides the most consistent and profound argument as to why the lower orders should not be allowed to exercise their independent will, why they should not be allowed to govern themselves or the polity.” That animus is what formal speeches, like the one President gave at this year’s opening exercises impart to students, regardless of other themes and content. Each time students are reminded that they will “one day become leaders” is reinforcement of students’ expectations that, as members of the elite, they will deservedly wield power over the non-elite. Rarely, if ever, are students encouraged to challenge power, or even suspect it.
The natural corollary of wielding power is that one wields power over others who cannot access it. Princeton’s political climate habituates students to the managerial mindset or the executive ethos, preparing them for a professional life in which they will have subordinates. The familiar refrain, heard at every school-wide gathering, that Princeton students are “the best of the best” cements antipathy to the idea that those left outside the halls of Old Nassau might have an equal right to the promise of future power.
Exceptionalism is a pillar in the meritocratic temple of Princeton. This, too, Robin shows, is part of the conservative mindset. “The conservative future envisions a world where power is demonstrated and privileged earned…genuine excellence is revealed and rewarded, true nobility is secured.” Those who have won entrance did so because of their merits. Those who are not here, therefore, must lack those merits. The consequence of the belief that those who can access authority do so rightfully is that those who cannot access authority lack the ability to do so.
“The conservative position,” Robin writes, “stems from a genuine conviction that a world thus emancipated will be ugly, brutish, base, and dull. It will lack the excellence of a world where the better man commands the worse.” Princeton positions itself as the training ground for better man—the place where he learns to command. Without constant assessments of ability and social ladders to climb, better men would have no means of distinguishing themselves and displaying their excellence. Perhaps this explains why so many extracurricular activities at Princeton require some kind of litmus test, or why the school’s social life centers on a set of clubs that are, by definition, selective. If not for auditions and bicker—gasp! There would be no guarantee that the perfect visage of Princeton’s social scene would remain unblemished. The fair guardians of selectivity shudder at such a threat of mediocrity.
For the believers in untrammeled meritocracy, the notion of equality presents a challenge. “What equality ultimately means,” writes Robin, “is a rotation in the seat of power. But that also means the unqualified could one day win a turn in that seat. Princeton, by emphasizing merit, teaches a fundamental suspicion of equality and a preference for less egalitarian modes of life. In reality, Chris Hayes reminds us in Twilight of the Elites, “whoever says meritocracy says oligarchy.”
If monolithically conservative does not best characterize Princeton’s political character, oligarchically-inclined might be more apt. Princeton students largely embrace the idea that anyone not part of the Ivy League elect should not be given a shot at running the show. They identify with figures of authority and institutions because they expect to eventually be those figures and run those institutions. They defend the existing order – with its inequalities, excesses, and imperfections – the way a monarchist defends the crown – with near-religious zeal and a strong distaste for the perceived Jacobins at the gates. But fortunately for them, any alteration to the status quo, however dreaded, is unlikely. Wishing for something like that could very well get you convicted of treason.
Awesome piece
I generally agree with the piece, though I have several reservations. Mr. Leifer discounted the possibility that the pro-Snowden side in the Whig-Clio debate simply didn’t present a vert good argument (which was my interpretation).
And let’s not pretend that this was the first time that Princeton students have made controversial and plainly wrong judgments: http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20E12F63F5A11728DDDA10A94D9415B898FF1D3
I was at the Snowden debate at well. I’m a Whig (liberal) and I thank Josh for continuing the discussion we had at the Senate Debate. I have a few questions after reading this piece:
1. If that’s so, can I ask why you decided to attend Princeton, or for that matter, college at all?
2. Though I think you made some faulty assumptions in this piece, let’s put those aside for a moment to deal with the important issue at hand. You never address why encouraging a meritocratic system turns us into some kind of heinous villain. What’s the alternative? We do engage in a culture of elitism at Princeton, there’s really no denying that. But I disagree that the culture of elitism lends itself to an implicit support of the institutions that Edward Snowden subverted. Princeton teaches us to be the leaders of tomorrow, yes, but not necessarily the leaders of the institutions that exist today. An effective leader is capable of questioning the status quo and changing it if necessary. Further, you conflate the institutions that Snowden avoided with the NSA’s activities. Not only did Snowden undermine the NSA, he avoided America’s justice system. Is this also broken? Is every American institution broken? Should we all just revolt?
3. I have a funny feeling you might say yes to my last few questions, so I’ll ask you this: how are institutions really changed? Through ‘whistleblowing,’ (or revolution, even) as you’re implying in this article, or through internal reform? I believe Snowden had an important effect on bringing the NSA into the media limelight. But without internal reform, nothing about the NSA or the intelligence complex will be changed.
I think you’re misunderstanding the piece. It doesn’t seem like Josh is attempting to claim that encouraging a meritocratic system turns us into “heinous villains.” Rather, I think the main point of this article is to attribute the results of this debate to a pervasive identity throughout the Princeton population as “leaders of tomorrow,” which is in turn attributable to the encouragement of a “meritocratic” system. That the debate turned out as it did, (presumably) in contrast to the opinions of students at other schools, is evidence of this attribution. More specifically it seems that Josh is attempting to say that an answer to one key question in the debate, that being whether or not we can trust those in power without full transparency, was effectively influenced by the fact that Princeton students imagine themselves in that position and are therefore more inclined to support the NSA in their excess.
also, really, ‘I WASS THERE’ linking a poll in which pton students thought Hitler was the ‘Greatest Living Person’ was neither controversial or plainly wrong. I hate Hitler, but believing he had a significant impact on our time does not make me a fascist. in ’38 he was voted Man of the Year by Time.
http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,760539,00.html
Yeah, I was at a debate where the question was “Is a US-led World a Better World” and the Clio side won BECAUSE THEY HAD BETTER SPEECHES. I self-identify as a progressive liberal, but ended up voting with them because they presented a stronger case. The Senate Chamber is a place of debate and people usually vote, not based on ideology, but based on technical debate skill. Furthermore, the sample size you are using is incredibly small. Senate debates hardly attract more than 50 people.
The method of a leisure class without duties was, however, extraordinarily wasteful. None of the members of the class had to be taught to be industrious, and the class as a whole was not exceptionally intelligent.
The class might produce one Darwin, but against him had to be set tens of thousands of country gentlemen who never thought of anything more intelligent than fox-hunting and punishing poachers. At present, the universities are supposed to provide, in a more systematic way, what the leisure class provided accidentally and as a by-product.
This is a great improvement, but it has certain drawbacks. University life is so different from life in the world at large that men who live in academic milieu tend to be unaware of the preoccupations and problems of ordinary men and women; moreover their ways of expressing themselves are usually such as to rob their opinions of the influence that they ought to have upon the general public.
Another disadvantage is that in universities studies are organized, and the man who thinks of some original line of research is likely to be discouraged. Academic institutions, therefore, useful as they are, are not adequate guardians of the interests of civilization in a world where everyone outside their walls is too busy for un-utilitarian pursuits.
– Bertrand Russell, In Praise of Idleness
Listen to David Brooks bloviate about obeying authority and that those with “Question Authority” bumper stickers are dangerous.
http://www.theagitator.com/2012/06/13/david-brooks-know-your-betters/
This was an incisive piece. Princeton still has to answer for that “liberal” fascist Woodrow Wilson.
Remember the imprisonment of the socialist candidate Eugene Debs under the Sedition Act? Remember welcoming the KKK on the National Mall? Remember creating the League of Nations and not joining it?